第四部分 科学革命 尾注

1.AnnGibbons,‘FoodforThought:DidtheFirstCookedMealsHelpFueltheDramaticEvolutionaryExpansionoftheHumanBrain?’,316:5831(2007),1558-1560.

2.RobinDunber,(Cambridge,Mass.:HarvardUyPress,1998).

3.MichaelL.WilsonandRichardW.Wrangham,‘IntergroupRelationsinChimpanzees’,32(2003),363-392;M.McFarlandSymington,‘Fission-FusionSocialanizationinand,11:1(1990),49;A.ChapmanandLaurenJ.Chapman,‘DeterminantsofGroupsSizeinPrimates:TheImportanceofTravelCosts’,in,ed.SueBoinskyandPaulA.Garber(Chicago:UyofChicagoPress,2000),26.

4.Dunbar,,69-79;LeslieC.AielloandR.I.M.Dunbar,‘NeocortexSize,GroupSize,andtheEvolutionofLanguage’,34:2(1993),189.Forcriticismofthisapproachsee:ChristopherMcCarthyetal.,‘paringTwoMethodsforEstimatiworkSize’,60:1(2001),32;R.A.HillandR.I.M.Dunbar,‘SocialworkSizeinHumans’,14:1(2003),65.

5.YvetteTaborin,‘ShellsoftheFrenchAurignaandPerigordian’,in,ed.HeidiK,AnnePike-TayandRandallWhite(BocaRaton:CRCPress,1993),211-28.

6.G.R.Summerhayes,‘ApplicationofPIXE-PIGMEtoArchaeologicalAnalysisofgingPatternsofObsidianUseiNewBritain,PapuaNewGuinea’,in,ed.StevenM.Shackley(NewYork:PlenumPress,1998),129-58.

7.ChristopherRyanandCacildaJethá,(NewYork:Harper,2010);S.BeckermanandP.Valentine(eds.),:(Gainesville:UyPressofFlorida,2002).

8.NoelG.Butlin,:(Cambridge:CambridgeUyPress,1993),98-101;RichardBroome,(Sydney:Allen&Unwin,2002),15;WilliamHowellEdwards,(WentworthFalls,N.S.W.:SocialScePress,1988),52.

9.FekriA.Hassan,(NewYork:AcademicPress,1981),196-99;LewisRobertBinford,(Berkeley:UyofCaliforniaPress,2001),143.

10.BrianHare,(Dutton:PenguinGroup,2013).

11.ChristopherB.Ruff,ErikTrinkausandTrentonW.Holliday,‘BodyMassandEncephalizationioeHomo’387(1997),173-176;M.HennebergandM.Steyn,‘TrendsinialCapacityandialIndexinSubsaharanAfricaDuringtheHoloe’,5:4(1993):473-79;DrewH.BaileyandDavidC.Geary,‘HominidBrainEvolutioingClimatic,Ecological,andSocialpetitionModels’,20(2009):67-79;DanielJ.WescottandRichardL.Jantz,‘AssessingiofacialSeculargeinAmeriBlacksandWhitesUsiricMorphometry’,ined.DennisE.SliewYork:PlenumPublishers,2005),231-45.

12.NicholasG.BlurtonJoal.,‘AntiquityofPostreproductiveLife:AreThereModernImpaHunter-GathererPostreproductiveLifeSpans?’,14(2002),184-205.

13.KimHillandA.MagdalenaHurtado,(NewYork:AldinedeGruyter,1996),164,236.

14.HillandHurtado,,78.

15.VinzoFormicolaandAlexandraP.Buzhilova,‘DoubleChildBurialfromSunghir(Russia):PathologyandInferencesforUpperPaleolithieraryPractices’,124:3(2004),189-98;GiaoGiai,‘RiessandDiversityofBurialRitualsintheUpperPaleolithic’,Diogenes54:2(2007),19-39.

16.I.J.N.Thorpe,‘Anthropology,Archaeology,andtheinofWarfare’,35:1(2003),145-65;RaymondC.Kelly,(AnnArbor:UyofMichiganPress,2000);AzarGat,(Oxford:OxfordUyPress,2006);LawrenceH.Keeley,(Oxford:OxfordUyPress,1996);SlavomilVencl,‘StoneAgeWarfare’,in,ed.JohnCarmanandAnthonyHarding(Stroud:SuttonPublishing,1999),57-73.

17.JamesF.O’elandJimAllen,‘Pre-LGMSahul(PleistoeAustralia–NewGuinea)andtheArcheologyofEarlyModernHumans’,in,ed.PaulMellars,OferBar-Yosef,KatieBoyle(Cambridge:MaldInstituteforArchaeologicalResearch,2007),395-410;JamesF.O’elandJimAllen,‘WhenDidHumansFirstArrivedinGraterAustraliaandWhyIsItImportanttoKnow?’,,6:4(1998),132-46;JamesF.O’elandJimAllen,‘DatingtheizationofSahul(PleistoeAustralia–NewGuinea):AReviewofRetResearch’,31:6(2004),835-53;JonM.Erlandson,‘AnatomicallyModernHumans,MaritimeVoyaging,andthePleistoeizationoftheAmericas’,,ed.NinaG.Jablonski(SanFrancisco:UyofCaliforniaPress,2002),59-60,63-64;JonM.ErlandsonandTorbenC.Rick,‘ArcheologyMeetsMarineEcology:TheAntiquityofMaritimeCulturesandHumanImpaarineFisheriesandEcosystems’,2(2010),231-51;AthollAnderson,‘SlowBoatsfroma:IssuesinthePrehistoryofIndo-aSeafaring’,,16(2000),13-50;R.Bednarik,‘MaritimeNavigationintheLowerandMiddlePaleolithic’,328(1999),559-60;R.Bednarik,‘SeafaringinthePleistoe’,13:1(2003),41-66.

18.TimothyF.Flannery,(PortMelbourne,Vic.:ReedBooksAustralia,1994);AnthonyD.Barnoskyetal.,‘AssessingtheCausesofLatePleistoeExtinsonthetis’,306:5693(2004):70–75;BaryW.BrookandDavidM.J.S.Bowman,‘TheUainBlitzkriegofPleistoeMegafauna’,31:4(2004),517–23;GiffordH.Milleretal.,‘EcosystemCollapseioeAustraliaandaHumanRoleinMegafauin,’309:

5732(2005),287–90;RichardG.Robertsetal.,‘NewAgesfortheLastAustralianMegafauna:tiWideExtinabout46,000YearsAgo’,292:5523(2001),1888–92.

19.StephenWroeandJudithField,‘AReviewofEvidenceforaHumanRoleiinofAustralianMegafaunaandanAlternativeExplanation’,25:21–22(2006),2692–2703;BarryW.Brooksetal.,‘WouldtheAustralianMegafaunaHaveBeeExtinctIfHumansHadNeverisedtheti?entson‘‘AReviewoftheEvidenceforaHumanRoleiinofAustralianMegafaunaandanAlternativeExplanation’’byS.WroeandJ.Field’,QuaternarySceReviews26:3-4(2007),560-564;ChrisS.M.Tural.,‘Late-SurvivingMegafaunainTasmania,Australia,ImplicateHumanInvolvementintheirExtin’,105:34(2008),12150-53.

20.JohnAlroy,‘AMultispeciesOverkillSimulationoftheEnd-PleistoeMegafaunalMassExtin’,,292:5523(2001),1893-96;O’elandAllen,‘Pre-LGMSahul’,400-1.

21.L.H.Keeley,‘Proto-AgriculturalPracticesAmongHunter-Gatherers:ACross-CulturalSurvey’,i.DouglasPridAnneBirgitteGebauer(SantaFe,N.M.:SchoolofAmeriResearchPress,1995),243–72;R.Jones,‘FirestickFarming’,16(1969),224-28.

22.DavidJ.Meltzer,(Berkeley:UyofCaliforniaPress,2009).

23.PaulL.KodAnthonyD.Barnosky,‘LateQuaternaryExtins:StateoftheDebate’,37(2006),215-50;AnthonyD.Barnoskyetal.,‘AssessingtheCausesofLatePleistoeExtinsonthetis’,70-5.

24.本地图主要参考：PeterBellwood,(Malden:BlackwellPub.,2005).

25.AzarGat,(Oxford:OxfordUyPress,2006),130-131;RobertS.WalkerandDrewH.Bailey,‘BodytsinLowlandSouthAmeriViolence,’EvolutionandHumanBehavior34(2013),29-34.

26.KatherineA.Spielmann,‘AReview:DietaryRestrionHunter-GathererWomenandtheImplicationsforFertilityandInfantMortality’,17:3(1989),321-45.并请参见：BruceWinterhalderandEricAlderSmith,‘AnalyzingAdaptiveStrategies:HumanBehavioralEcologyatTwentyFive’,9:2(2000),51-72.

27.AlainBideau,BertrandDesjardinsaorPerez-Brignoli(eds.),(Oxford:ClarendonPress,1997);EdwardAnthonyWrigleyetal.,,1580-1837(Cambridge:CambridgeUyPress,1997),295-96,303.

28.ManfredHeual.,‘SiteofEinkorDomesticatioifiedbyDNAFingerprints’,278:5341(1997),1312-14.

29.CharlesPatterson,(NewYork:LanternBooks,2002),9-10;PeterJ.UckoandG.W.Dimbleby(ed.),(London:Duckworth,1969),259.

30.AviPinkas(ed.),(RishonLe-Ziyyon:TheAssociationforFarmyardAnimals,2009［Hebrew］),169-199;“MilkProdu–theCow”［Hebrew］,TheDairycil,accessedMarch22,2012,.milk..il/cgiwebaxy/sal/sal.pl?lang=he&ID=645657_milk&act=sho;dbid=katavot&dataid=cow.htm

31.EdwardEvanEvans-Pritchard,(Oxford:OxfordUyPress,1969);E.C.AmorosoandP.A.Jewell,‘TheExploitationoftheMilk-EjeReflexbyPrimitivePeople’,in24-26May1960,ed.A.E.MourantandF.E.Zeuner(London:TheRoyalAnthropologicalInstitute,1963),129-34.

32.JohannesNicolaisen,(hagen:NationalMuseum,1963),63.

33.AngusMaddison,,vol.2(Paris:DevelopmereoftheanizationofEicCo-operationandDevelopment,2006),636;“HistoricalEstimatesofWorldPopulation”,U.S.susBureau,accessedDecember10,2010,.sus.gov/ipc/orldhis.html.

34.RobertB.Mark,(Lanham,MD:Rowman&LittlefieldPublishers,2002),24.

35.Raymobrook,‘OldBabylonianPeriod’,in,vol.1,ed.Raymobrook(Leiden:Brill,2003),361-430;MarthaT.Roth,2nded.(Atlanta:ScholarsPress,1997),71-142;M.E.J.Richardson,(London:T&TClarkIional,2000).

36.Roth,LawCollesfromMesopotamia,76.

37.Roth,LawCollesfromMesopotamia,121.

38.Roth,LawCollesfromMesopotamia,122-23.

39.Roth,LawColles,133-34.

40.stanceBrittaineBouchard,(NewYork:ellUyPress,1998),99;MaryMartinMcLaughlin,‘SurvivorsandSurrogates:ChildrenandParentsfromtheNinthtoThirteenthturies’,ined.Caroloronto:UyofTorontoPress,2004),81n.81;LiseE.Hull,(Westport:Praeger,2006),144.

41.AndrewRobinson,(NewYork:ThamesandHudson,1995),63;HansJ.NisseerDamerowandRobertK.Englung,(Chicago,London:TheUyofChicagoPress,1993),36.

42.MarciaandRobertAscher,(NewYork:DoverPublications,1981).

43.GaryUrton.(Austin:UyofTexasPress,2003);GalenBrokaw.(Cambridge:CambridgeUyPress,2010).

44.StephenD.Houston(ed.),(Cambridge:CambridgeUyPress,2004),222.

45.SheldonPollock,‘AxialismandEmpire’,ed.JohannP.Arnason,S.N.EisenstadtandBj.rnWittrock(Leiden:Brill,2005),397-451.

46.HaroldM.Tanner,(Indianapolis:Hackett,Pub.Co.,2009),34.

47.Rameshdra,(Delhi:KalpazPublications,2005);MichaelBamshadetal.,‘GeicEvidentheinsofIndianCastePopulation’,11(2001):904-1004;SusanBayly,(Cambridge:CambridgeUyPress,1999).

48.Houston,,196.

49.TheSecretary-General,deliveredtotheGeneralAssembly,U.N.Doc.A/16/122/Add.1(July6,2006),89.

50.SueBlundell,(Cambridge,Mass.:HarvardUyPress,1995),113-29,132-33.

51.FranciscoLópezdeGómara,vol.1,ed.D.JoaquinRamirezCaba.es(MexicoCity:EditorialPedroRobredo,1943),106.

52.AndrewM.Watson,‘BacktoGold–andSilver’,20:1(1967),11-12;JasimAlubudi,(Madrid:VisionLibros,2003),194.

53.Watson,‘BacktoGold–andSilver’,17-18.

54.DavidGraeber,(Brooklyn,N.Y.:MelvilleHouse,2011).

55.GlynDavies,(Cardiff:UyofWalesPress,1994),15.

56.SzymonLaks,.ChesterA.Kisiel(Evanston,Ill.:NorthwesternUyPress,1989),88-89.奥斯维辛集中营的“市场”仅限于部分阶级的囚犯，而且在不同时期的差异非常大。

57.NiallFerguson,(NewYork:ThePenguinPress,2008),4.

58.关于麦元的信息，我参考了一本未出版的博士论文：RefaelBei,(HebrewUyofJerusalem,UnpublishedPh.D.thesis,2011).并请参见：NormanYoffee,‘TheEyofAWesternAsia’,in,vol.1,ed.J.M.Sasson(NewYork:C.Ser’sSons,1995),1387-99;R.K.Englund,‘Proto-eiformAt-BooksandJournals’,ined.MichaelHudsonandeliaWunsch(Bethesda,MD:CDLPress,2004),21-46;MarvinA.Powell,‘AtributiontotheHistoryofMoneyinMesopotamiapriortotheIionofage’,ined.B.Hru.kaandG.Komoróczy(Budapest:E.tv.sLoránd1978),211-43;MarvinA.Powell,‘MoneyinMesopotamia’,39:3(1996),224-42;JohnF.Robertson,‘TheSocialandEicanizationofAMesopotamianTemples’,invol.1,ed.Sasson,443-500;M.Silver,‘ModernAs’,ined.R.RollingerandU.Christoph(Stuttgart:Steiner,2004),65-87;Danielell,‘MethodsofExgeandageinAWesternAsia’,in,vol.1,ed.Sasson,1487-97.

59.NahumMegged,(TelAviv:Dvir,1999［Hebrew］),103.

60.Tacitus,ch.30(Cambridge,Mass.:HarvardUyPress,1958),pp.220-21.

61.A.Fienup-Riordan,(Anche:AlaskaPacifiiversityPress,1983),p.10.

62.YuriPines,‘NationStates,GlobalizationandaUnitedEmpire–theeseExperiehirdtofifthturiesBC)’,15(1995),54［Hebrew］.

63.AlexanderYakobson,‘UsandThem:Empire,MemoryandIdentityinClaudiusSpeeBringingGaulsintotheRomae’,ined.DoronMendels(Oxford:PeterLand,2007),23-24.

64.W.H.C.Frend,(Cambridge:JamesClarke&Co.,2008),536-37.

65.RobertJea,1483-1610(London:FontanaPress,1996),424.

66.MarieHarmandHermannWiehle,(Halle:HermannSchroedelVerlag,1942),152-57.

67.SusanBlackmore,(Oxford:OxfordUyPress,1999).

68.DavidChristian,(Berkeley:UyofCaliforniaPress,2004),344-45;AngusMaddison,,vol.2(Paris:DevelopmereoftheanizationofEicCo-operationandDevelopment,2001),636;‘HistoricalEstimatesofWorldPopulation’,U.S.susBureau,accessedDecember10,2010,

.sus.gov/ipc/orldhis.html.

69.Maddison,,vol.1,261.

70."GrossDomesticProduct2009",TheWorldBank,DataandStatistics,accessedDecember10,2010,siteresources.worldbank./DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdf

71.Christian,,141.

72.当代最大的货轮能够承载大约10万吨的货物。在1470年，全球舰队船队加起来，承载量也不超过32万吨。到了1570年，总承载量已达到73万吨。(Maddison,TheWorldEy,vol.1,97).

73.全球规模最大的银行，苏格兰皇家银行（RoyalBankofScotland），于2007年申报的存款为1.3兆美元，是1500年全球总产值的五倍。参见‘AnnualReportandAts2008’,TheRoyalBankofScotland,35,accessedDecember10,2010.

files.shareholder./downloads/RBS/626570033x0x278481/eb7a003a-5c9b-41ef-bad3-81fb98a6c823/RBS_GRA_2008_09_03_09.pdf

74.Ferguson,185-98.

75.Maddison,,vol.1,31;Wrigley,,295;Christian,,450,452;‘WorldHealthStatisticReport2009’,35-45,WorldHealthanization,accessedDecember10,2010ho.int/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS09_Full.pdf.

76.Wrigley,,296.

77.‘England,InterimLifeTables,1980-82to2007-09’,OfficeforNationalStatistics,accessedMarch22,2012

.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-refereables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-61850

78.MichaelPrestwich,(Berkley:UyofCaliforniaPress,1988),125-26.

79.JennieB.Dormaal.,‘Theage-1anddaf-2GenesFuninaonPathwaytotroltheLifespanoforhabditiselegans’,141:4(1995),1399-1406;KoenHouthoofdetal.,‘LifeExtensionviaDietaryRestriisIndepeoftheIns/IGF-1SignalingPathwayinorhabditiselegans’,38:9(2003),947-54.

80.ShawnM.Douglas,IdoBachelet,andGeeM.Church,‘ALogic-GatedNanorobotforTargetedTransportofMolecularPayloads’,335:6070(2012):831-4;Daal.,‘NanocarriersAsAnEmergingPlatformforcerTherapy’,2(2007):751-60;Daal.,‘SystemicLeukocyte-DirectedsiRNADeliveryRevealingCyD1asanAnti-InflammatoryTarget’,319:5863(2008):627-30.

81.StephenR.Bown,(NewYork:ThomasDunneBooks,St.Matin''sPress,2004);KehJohnCarpenter,(Cambridge:CambridgeUyPress,1986).

82.JamesCook,,ed.ArchibaldGrenfellPriewYork:DoverPublications,1971),16-17;

GananathObeyesekere,TheApotheosisofCaptainCook:EuropeanMythmakinginthePacific(Prion:PrionUyPress,1992),5;J.C.Beaglehole,ed.,vol.1(Cambridge:CambridgeUyPress,1968),588.

83.Mark,,81.

84.Christian,,436.

85.JohnDarwin,(London:AllenLane,2007),239.

86.SoliShahvar,‘Railroadsi.TheFirstRailroadBuiltandOperatedinPersia’,intheOnliionofEncyclopaediaIranica,lastmodifiedApril7,2008,,ed.GeeLenczowski(Stanford:HooverInstitutionPress,1978),156.

87.Mark,46.

88.KirkpatrikSale,(London:TaurisParkePaperbacks,2006),7-13.

89.EdwardM.Spiers,(London:Longman,1980),121;RobinMoore,‘ImperialIndia,1858-1914’,in,vol.3,ed.AndrewPorter(NewYork:OxfordUyPress,1999),442.

90.VinitaDamodaran,‘FamineinBengal:Aparisonofthe1770FamineinBengalandthe1897FamineinChotanagpur’,10:1-2(2007),151.

91.Maddison,,vol.1,261,264;‘GrossNationalInePerCapita2009,AtlasMethodandPPP’,TheWorldBank,accessedDecember10,2010,

siteresources.worldbank./DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GNIPC.pdf.

92.这里举的面包店例子在计算上经过简化，并非完全精确。因为银行金库中每存有1元就能贷出10元，如果银行现在有100万美元的存款，其实只能贷出约909000美元，而必须将91000美元留在金库里。但为了方便读者理解，我还是决定将数字简化。此外，银行也并不总是遵守这些法规。

93.CarlTrocki,(NewYork:Routledge,1999),91.

94.GeesNzongola-Ntalaja,(London:ZedBooks,2002),22.

95.Mark,109.

96.NathanS.LewisandDanielG.Nocera,‘PthePla:ChemicalChallengesinSolarEnergyUtilization’,103:43(2006),15731.

97.KazuhisaMiyamoto(ed.),‘RenewableBiologicalSystemsforAlternativeSustainableEnergyProdu’,(Osaka:OsakaUy,1997),chapter2.1.1,accessedDecember10,2010,365:1853(2007),1007.

98.‘IionalEnergyOutlook2010’,U.S.EnergyInformationAdministration,9,accessedDecember10,2010,

.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/pdf/0484(2010).pdf.

99.S.Vesky,‘"Silver"fromClay’,Metallurgist13:7(1969),451;Aftalion,Fred,(Philadelphia:UyofPennsylvaniaPress,1991),64;A.J.Downs,(Glasgow:BlackieAcademic&Professional,1993),15.

100.JanWillemErismaal,‘HowaturyofAmmoniaSynthesisgedtheWorld’in1(2008),637.

101.G.J.BensonandB.E.Rollin(eds.),(Ames,IA:Blackwell,2004);M.C.Appleby,J.A.Mench,andB.O.(Wallingford:CABIPublishing,2004);J.Webster,(Oxford:BlackwellPublishing,2005);C.DrudP.Lymbery,(NewYork:ArchimedeanPress,2002).

102.HarryHarlowandRobertZimmermann,‘AffealResponsesintheInfantMonkey’,130:3373(1959),421-432;HarryHarlow,‘TheNatureofLove’,13(1958),673-685;LaurensD.Youal.,‘Earlystressandlaterrespooseprateinrhesusmonkeys’,130:4(1973),400-405;K.D.Broad,J.P.CurleyandE.B.Keverne,‘Mother-infantbondingandtheevolutionofmammaliansocialrelationships’,361:1476(2006),2199-2214;FlorentPittetetal.,‘Effeaternalexperienfearfulnessandmaternalbehaviourinaprecocialbird’,(March2013),InPress-availableo:

.scedire/sce/article/pii/S0003347213000547)

103."NationalInstituteofFoodandAgriculture",UatesDepartmentofAgriculture,accessedDecember10,2010,

.csrees.usda.gov/qliension.html.

104.VaclavSmil,(Cambridge,Mass.:MITPress,2002);SarahCatherineoleetal.,‘TheWeightofNations:AimationofAdultHumanBiomass’,12:439(2012),

.biomedtral./1471-2458/12/439

105.WilliamT.Ja,(London:FrankCass&co.,1966),324-27;H.J.DyosandD.H.Aldcroft,(Leicester:LeicesterUyPress,1969),124-31;WolfgangSchivelbusch,(Berkeley:UyofCaliforniaPress,1986).

106.关于过去这几十年前所未有的和平状态，特别可参见：StevenPinker,(NewYork:Viking,2011);JoshuaS.Goldstein,flictWorldwide(NewYork,N.Y.:Dutton,2011);Gat,

107.‘WorldReportonViolendHealth:Summary,Geneva2002’,WorldHealthanization,accessedDecember10,2010,ho.int/whr/2001/en/whr01_annex_en.pdf.(NewYork:OxfordUyPress,1996).

108.‘WorldHealthReport,2004’,WorldHealthanization,124,accessed10December,2010,

ho.int/whr/2004/e04_en.pdf.

109.RaymondC.Kelly,(AnnArbor:UyofMichiganPress,2000),21.SeealsoGat,,129-31;Keeley,

110.ManuelEisner,‘Modernization,Self-trolahalViolence’,41:4(2001),618-638;ManuelEisner,‘Long-TermHistoricalTrendsinViolentCrime’,30(2003),83-142;‘WorldReportonViolendHealth:Summary,Geneva2002’,WorldHealthanization,accessedDecember10,2010,

ho.int/whr/2001/en/whr01_annex_en.pdf;‘WorldHealthReport,2004’,WorldHealthanization,124,accessed10December,2010,

ho.int/whr/2004/e04_en.pdf.

111.WalkerandBailey,‘BodytsinLowlandSouthAmeriViolence,’30.

112.若想从心理和生化两种层面来讨论快乐，以下著作是很好的出发点：JonathanHaidt,(NewYork:BasicBooks,2006);R.Wright,(NewYork:VintageBooks,1994);M.Csikszentmihalyi,‘IfWeAreSoRich,WhyAren’ty?’,54:10(

1999):82127;F.A.Huppert,N.BaylisandB.Keverne,ed.,(Oxford:OxfordUyPress,2005);MichaelArgyle,2ion(NewYork:Routledge,2001);EdDiener(ed.),(NewYork:Springer,2009);MichaelEidandRandyJ.Larsen(eds.),(NewYuilfordPress,2008);RichardA.Easterlin(ed.),(Cheltenham:EdwardElgarPub.,2002);RichardLayard,(NewYork:Penguin,2005).

113.DanielKahneman,(NewYork:Farrar,StrausandGiroux,2011);Ietal.,"Development,Freedom,andRisingHappiness,"278-281.

114.D.M.McMahon,(London:AllenLane,2006).

115.KeithT.Paigeetal.,‘DeNovoCartilageGeionUsingCalciumAlginate-drocytestructs’,97:1(1996),168-78.

116.DavidBiello,‘BacteriaTransformedintoBiofuelsRefineries’,27,2010,accessedDecember10,2010,

.stificameri./article.cfm?id=bacteria-transformed-intobiofuel-refineries.

117.GaryWalsh,‘TherapeutisulinsandTheirLarge-ScaleManufacture’,67:2(2005),151-59.

118.JamesG.Wallisetal.,‘ExpressionofaSyitifreezeProteininPotatoReducesElectrolyteReleaseatFreezingTemperatures’,35:3(1997),323-30.

119.RobertJ.Walletal.,‘GeicallyEnhancedCowsResistIntramammaryStaphylococcusAureusIion’,23:4(2005),44551.

120.LiangxueLaietal.,‘GeionofedTransgenicPigsRiOmega-3FattyAcids’,24:4(2006),435-36.

121.Ya-PingTaal.,‘GeihaofLearningandMemoryinMice’,401(1999),63-69.

122.ZoeR.DonaldsonandLarryJ.Young,‘Oxyto,Vasopressin,andtheNeurogeicsofSociality’,322:5903(2008),900–904;ZoeR.Donaldson,‘ProduofGermliransgenicPrairieVoles(Microtusaster)UsiiviralVectors’,81:6(2009),1189-1195.

123.TerriPous,‘SiberianDiscoveryCouldBringStistsClosertoingWoollyMammoth’,September17,2012,accessedFebruary19,2013;PasqualinoLoietal,‘Biologicaltimemaes:arealisticapproachforingainctmammal’,14(2011),227233;LeonHuynen,CraigD.MillarandDavidM.Lambert,‘Resurregaanimalgeheextinctmoaandmore’,34(2012),661-669.

124.NicholasWade,‘StistsinGermanyDraftNeahalGenome’,February12,2009,accessedDecember10,2010,63:2(2009),accessed10December,2010,.archaeology./1003/eteahals.html.

125.RobertH.Waterstoal.,‘InitialSequengandparativeAnalysisoftheMouseGenome’,420:6915(2002),520.

126.‘HybridIMicroEleeicalSystems(HI-MEMS)’,MicrosystemsTeologyOffice,DARPA,accessedMarch22,2012,197:2646(2008),40-43;EmilySinger,‘SendIntheRescueRats’,183:2466(2004),21-22;SusanBrown,‘StealthSharkstoPatroltheHighSeas’,189:2541(2006),30-31.

127.BillChristensen,‘MilitaryPlansCybSharks’,,March7,2006,accessedDecember10,2010,.lives/teology/060307_shark_implant.html.

128.‘CochlearImplants’,NationalInstituteonDeafnessandOtherunicationDisorders,accessedMarch22,2012,

.nidih.gov/health/hearing/pages/coch.aspx

129.RetinaImplant,.retinaimplant.de/en/doctors/teology/default.aspx.

130.DavidBrown,‘For1stWomanWithBionicArm,aNewLifeIsWithinReach’,,September14,2006,accessedDecember10,2010,

ashingtonpost./wpdyn/tent/article/2006/09/13/AR2006091302271.html?nav=E8.

131.MiguelNicolelis,(NewYork:TimesBooks,2011).

132.ChrisBerdik,‘TurningThoughtintoWords’,October15,2008,accessedMarch22,2012,.bu.edu/today/2008/turning-thoughtsinto-words/

133.JonathanFildes,‘ArtificialBrain“10yearsaway”’,,July22,2009,accessed19September,2012,news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8164060.stm

134.RadojeDrmaal.,‘HumanGenomeSequengUsingUnedBaseReadsonSelf-AssemblingDNANanoarrays’,327:5961(2010),7881;‘pleteGenomics’website:.pletegenomi/;RobWaters,‘pleteGenomicsGetsGeneSequengunder5000$(Update1)’,,November5,2009,accessedDecember10,2010;.blo./apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aWutnyE4SoWw;FergusWalsh,‘EraofPersonalizedMedieAwaits’,,lastupdatedApril8,2009,accessedMarch22,2012,news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7954968.stm;LeenaRao,‘PayPalCo-FounderAndFoundersFundPartnerJoinsDNASequengFirmHalolecular’,September24,2009,accessedDecember10,2010,

tech/2009/09/24/paypal-co-founder-andfounders-fund-partner-joins-dna-sequeng-firm-halolecular/.